Resetting all firewall properties on the laptop to their default values solved the problem. Obviously there are many possible causes, but hope this post helps someone else solve their issue.
My Dell Inspiron laptop running Windows 8.1 will no longer connect to our home network, and diagnostics produce the error "Wi-Fi doesn't have a valid IP configuration". All our other devices are able to communicate with the network and my laptop will communicate with it if booted using ubuntu...