In about the most crazy and roundabout way possible, I have fixed my problem. After attempting to change permissions and receiving errors and getting nowhere while doing so, I came up with an idea.
The S drive, not accessible in Vista but accessible in Ubuntu, had some extra unused space. Using a gParted boot cd, I booted up the partition editor, shrunk S, and created a new ntfs partition with that space. After going into Vista, I found that it was possible to access and use this newly created partition. To make a drawn out story short, I booted into Ubuntu (because I can access the S drive in Ubuntu), and I cut and pasted all of the files from the S drive into other hard drives. It took hours, but it was basically a guaranteed solution. When it was empty, I booted back into gParted, and I just completely deleted the S partition, along with the new partition I had created(it is faster to delete several partitions and then just create 1 new one from that space than it is to delete 1 partition and resize the other one). When the new partition was created, I verified that I could access it using both Vista and Ubuntu, and I have now started slowly moving my files back over to this new storage partition.
CAUTION - Before realizing how bad of an idea it was, I planned to shrink S, create a new partition from that unallocated space, transfer files to the new partition from S, shrink S some more, grow the new partition some more, finish transferring the files from S to the new partition, delete S, and then finally grow the new partition to fill the space that S once used. However, after transferring the first round of files to the new partition, gParted froze up on me in the middle of resizing, CAUSING A GREAT DEAL OF FILES TO BECOME CORRUPTED AND UNRECOVERABLE. Luckily I had always kept a backup of these files on an external hard drive, so it wasn't completely devastating, but just a waste of my valuable time. That is why I recommend to transfer all of the files to other hard drives before you start, and then transfer them all back once the old partition is completely deleted and the new partition is successfully created.
Good luck to all, and feel free to continue to add solutions to this problem, so the future google searchers (like me) will find solutions to problems, instead of just thread after thread describing the problem.