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While we work on rounding out our ES6/ES2015 support, the Chakra team is already looking ahead to ES2016 and, especially, to Link Removed. Today, we’re excited to announce the availability of Async Functions in Microsoft Edge as an experimental feature, available to preview starting in Link Removed).
ES7/ES2016 Async Functions
The async and await keywords, part of the Async Functions proposal, provide an easy way to write asynchronous code. It is one of the killer features of C# and is Link Removed. Before Async Functions and Promises, a JavaScript developer had to carve out all the asynchronous code she needed into a separate function from the synchronous core and use callbacks to retrieve the result of the asynchronous computation. This code can quickly become hard to read and difficult to maintain.
ES6 Promises helped improve the way to write asynchronous code by standardizing and by including the feature directly in the web browser. But it did not totally solve the problem as we still need to use callbacks to retrieve the result.
Async Functions are based on Promises, but take them a step further. When you add an async keyword to a function or an arrow function it will automatically return a Promise. For example, the following code is a standard ES2015 program that performs an Http request with promises:
If we rewrite the same code and get the same behavior with Async Functions, the result is smaller and more readable code. The code below also has a refactoring to change the way we manage the error in the function:
The async keyword also works with ES6 arrow functions, simply by adding the keyword before the arguments. Following in an example of the same:
To clarify:
In a previous post, we Link Removed using the diagram below. The parts requiring the most modification to support Async Functions are highlighted in green.
Global behavior
Using the async keyword will generate a Promise constructor, according to the specifications, that wraps the function’s body. To perform this action, Chakra’s Bytecode Generator generates a call to a built-in function that describe the following Link Removed:
The spawn function above is designed to manage all the async expressions in the function’s body and decide to stop or continue the process depending of the behavior inside the async function. If an async expression called with an await keyword fails, for example because of an error inside the async function or something being awaited, the promise will be rejected to make it possible to manage the error higher in the stack.
Now the engine needs to make the JS script call this spawn function to get the Promise and run the function’s body. To do this, when the parser detects an async keyword, the engine changes the AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), which represents the developer’s algorithm, to add a call to the Spawn function with the function’s body. Consequently, the httpGetJson function is converted like this by the parser:
Note the use of Generators and the yield keyword to perform the await keyword’s behavior. Indeed, the implementation of the await keyword is extremely similar to the yield keyword.
Behavior with a default argument
One of the new feature from ES6 is the possibility to set a default value to an argument in a function. When default value is set, the Bytecode Generator will set the value at the top of the function’s body.
In the case of an async keyword, if the default value sets to this argument throw an error, the specifications ask to reject a Promise. This allows the exception to be caught easily.
To realize it, the Chakra team had two choices: change the AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), or implement it directly in the Bytecode Generator. We chose to implement it directly in the Bytecode Generator by moving the argument’s initialization to the top of the function’s body directly in the Bytecode, because it is an easier and cleaner solution in this engine. Since a try/catch needs to be added to intercept any error from the argument’s default value, it’s easier to change the Bytecode directly when we detect an async keyword.
Finally, the generated Bytecode will be similar to what would be generated for the following JavaScript code:
How to enable Async Functions in Microsoft Edge?
To enable and experiment with the current Async Functions support in Microsoft Edge, navigate to about:flags in Microsoft Edge and select the “Enable experimental JavaScript features” flag as below:
Link Removed
The “Experimental JavaScript features” flag at about:flags
Async Functions are available to preview via the Link Removed starting in Link Removed.We can’t wait to hear about how you will be using the feature in your ES2016 code and look forward to sharing more soon about our next investments in Chakra. In the meantime, feel free to join the comment discussion, reach out on Twitter Link Removed, or on Connect.
– Link Removed, Software Development Engineer Intern, Chakra Team
– Link Removed, Senior Program Manager, Chakra Team
Continue reading...
ES7/ES2016 Async Functions
The async and await keywords, part of the Async Functions proposal, provide an easy way to write asynchronous code. It is one of the killer features of C# and is Link Removed. Before Async Functions and Promises, a JavaScript developer had to carve out all the asynchronous code she needed into a separate function from the synchronous core and use callbacks to retrieve the result of the asynchronous computation. This code can quickly become hard to read and difficult to maintain.
ES6 Promises helped improve the way to write asynchronous code by standardizing and by including the feature directly in the web browser. But it did not totally solve the problem as we still need to use callbacks to retrieve the result.
Async Functions are based on Promises, but take them a step further. When you add an async keyword to a function or an arrow function it will automatically return a Promise. For example, the following code is a standard ES2015 program that performs an Http request with promises:
If we rewrite the same code and get the same behavior with Async Functions, the result is smaller and more readable code. The code below also has a refactoring to change the way we manage the error in the function:
The async keyword also works with ES6 arrow functions, simply by adding the keyword before the arguments. Following in an example of the same:
To clarify:
- Use the async keyword with any function declaration or arrow function to get asynchronous code with a Promise. This includes functions in classes and static function. For this last one, the async keyword should be placed after the static keyword and before the function’s name.
- Use the await keyword to make execution wait for the end of an async expression (a call to an async function for example) and get the returned value of the Promise.
- If you don’t use the await keyword, you will get a Promise.
- You cannot use the await keyword outside an async function, including the global scope.
In a previous post, we Link Removed using the diagram below. The parts requiring the most modification to support Async Functions are highlighted in green.
Global behavior
Using the async keyword will generate a Promise constructor, according to the specifications, that wraps the function’s body. To perform this action, Chakra’s Bytecode Generator generates a call to a built-in function that describe the following Link Removed:
The spawn function above is designed to manage all the async expressions in the function’s body and decide to stop or continue the process depending of the behavior inside the async function. If an async expression called with an await keyword fails, for example because of an error inside the async function or something being awaited, the promise will be rejected to make it possible to manage the error higher in the stack.
Now the engine needs to make the JS script call this spawn function to get the Promise and run the function’s body. To do this, when the parser detects an async keyword, the engine changes the AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), which represents the developer’s algorithm, to add a call to the Spawn function with the function’s body. Consequently, the httpGetJson function is converted like this by the parser:
Note the use of Generators and the yield keyword to perform the await keyword’s behavior. Indeed, the implementation of the await keyword is extremely similar to the yield keyword.
Behavior with a default argument
One of the new feature from ES6 is the possibility to set a default value to an argument in a function. When default value is set, the Bytecode Generator will set the value at the top of the function’s body.
In the case of an async keyword, if the default value sets to this argument throw an error, the specifications ask to reject a Promise. This allows the exception to be caught easily.
To realize it, the Chakra team had two choices: change the AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), or implement it directly in the Bytecode Generator. We chose to implement it directly in the Bytecode Generator by moving the argument’s initialization to the top of the function’s body directly in the Bytecode, because it is an easier and cleaner solution in this engine. Since a try/catch needs to be added to intercept any error from the argument’s default value, it’s easier to change the Bytecode directly when we detect an async keyword.
Finally, the generated Bytecode will be similar to what would be generated for the following JavaScript code:
How to enable Async Functions in Microsoft Edge?
To enable and experiment with the current Async Functions support in Microsoft Edge, navigate to about:flags in Microsoft Edge and select the “Enable experimental JavaScript features” flag as below:
Link Removed
The “Experimental JavaScript features” flag at about:flags
Async Functions are available to preview via the Link Removed starting in Link Removed.We can’t wait to hear about how you will be using the feature in your ES2016 code and look forward to sharing more soon about our next investments in Chakra. In the meantime, feel free to join the comment discussion, reach out on Twitter Link Removed, or on Connect.
– Link Removed, Software Development Engineer Intern, Chakra Team
– Link Removed, Senior Program Manager, Chakra Team
Continue reading...
