File system errors on Windows 10 and Windows 11 can look cryptic — a terse message, an error code, or “The parameter is incorrect” when you plug in a USB stick — but they usually point to fixable problems with system files, disk metadata, or the drive itself. This guide consolidates proven, non‑destructive troubleshooting steps (from quick restarts to offline repairs), explains what the common numeric error codes mean, and offers a prioritized workflow so you stop at the least‑disruptive fix...