Well, that has always been one of my complaints about Linux (though I'm a much bigger fan now than I was 10 years ago!)--they have issues running Windows in VM sessions and the ever present pain in the rear to get it working on basic peripherals such as printers.
To check if you have a hardware problem, I think it would be prudent to pop out your Linux hard drive and stick in another drive and install W10 on it via Clean Install. Run all the WU (Windows Updates); set your WUDO to enable and get updates from all PCs on your Network and the Internet; you should get to the latest W10 version
(v1607 b14393.351) in 2-3 days if not sooner. If updates are coming into your computer via WU in standard W10 mode, you're hardware (Mobo, RAM, and Hard Drive) are all healthy.
That means there's something wrong with your Linux, and that you need to repair that or the VMware 12 app you have needs to get repaired or reinstalled on your Linux Drive.
By the way, exactly which Linux are you running, for example,
Ubuntu 16.04LTS, Mint, PuppyLinux, etc. as there are now over 600 versions out there. It's long been known that all VM apps don't run Windows emulation perfectly just as
BootCamp doesn't run all Windows versions on Mac OSX. You need to spend some time eliminating your hardware as the problem first
*by trying a true W10 native boot install on another hard drive*, and then if that works your hardware is ok, and you now have a software problem causing your real issue.
Once you eliminate your hardware, you can repair your Linux problem or if just the VMware app, fix/replace that.
Right now, you have no idea what the real problem is.
Another thing you can try if you have additional hard drives laying around, is to install a different version of Linux on your PC than you have now, and install the VMware 12 app and see whether W10 gets the proper updates or not. That would be conclusive proof if a different version of Linux works with your VMware-W10 configuration you have now. That means for sure your current Linux is messed up or your current VMware 12 install is messed up; no doubt.
Let us know how it goes, and what Linux you now have if you don't mind?
Best,
<<<BBJ>>>