From personal experience, I've known this to happen from time to time and others have reported the same thing as well. That every now and then a MS update gets through and corrupts one's system. Is this a fluke, a bug, a glitch...who knows...it just happens. As to take action so the problem doesn't occur again in the future is not really likely if at all possible. Which is why backups are always recommended.
You can isolate which update it was that caused this by doing a backup or system restore point. Then go to MS updates and manually go through the updates one by one until the error occurs. Install one; one at a time...it's tedious but you'll end up finding the culprit. Then once you know which update exactly, and what it's...