Did you purchase a usb to sata adapter for 2.5 inch ssd drives? I used a clone software to clone the system drive to the new ssd. After that is done then l replaced the system drive with the new ssd. If you have a 3.5 inch hard drive, there isn't enough power from the usb port to the 3.5 inch drive so you have to purchase a usb to dock device for 3.5 inch drives and it has a separate power cord to power the hard drive adapter case. Is your computer desktop or laptop?
I would seriously suspect the ssd. A problem with its cable or contact? And ssds do have a limited livetime. Have it tested, most times a testprogram is installed.
When I cloned my HDD to a new SSD I used an adopter and had the SDD attached to it and the HDD in the machine. This was thinkpad t520 and no is not windows. but USB power is limted on laptops. SSD use less power. If I had the HDD on the adapter it would not detect the drive cause of the power.