Instead of creating the partition yourself, try deleting all the partitions and just hit next and let Windows 10 create them for you. It'll create a smaller system boot partition along with a larger partition for your C: drive. I'm not saying this will solve the issue but I have seen it work better this way with certain controller cards. Your card may not be compatible with UEFI boot mode, you may try installing to it in Legacy mode, not changing it to legacy after installation has finished the first reboot.
You may also need to set your BIOS to boot from "add-in card(s)" or "other device", if not first then secondary to your USB device your installing Windows 10 from.
Let us know if you were able to get this to work.