In domain joined systems Windows Rights Management could be used to restrict access to your files regardless of what computer they are on. In non-domain joined systems no you wouldn't be able to do that without having some kind of software on both systems that would be able to distinguish between the systems and which system/user owns them. The best you're likely to get is to keep the files in an encrypted password protected zip. The zip file is self encrypted and password protected and that would follow the files.