Here it is June 2022 (13 years later) and this problem still exists in Windows 10 21H2.
I had the exact same problem and, thanks to your suggestion, I exported the "Monitors" key from a working laptop, and imported them on my desktop that had the printing issue, and now all my printing ports re-appeared and I can print again. Even my "Microsoft Print to PDF" printer re-appeared and worked again.
Just wanted to add this in case anyone else experiences this issue.