I'm having this same problem; very annoying. I'm on a Dell Inspiron E1505. The hotkeys to adjust brightness are Fn+(Up/Down arrows), and those do nothing, and the Mobility Center/Control panel says I have my brightness at maximum (which it's obviously not; I can barely see the screen). I saw another post where someone on a Sony Vaio solved the problem by installing a few drivers/programs from Sony that came with their laptop. I have a few disks similar to those from Dell, I'll post again if installing those did anything for me.
Also, I've found that when my laptop is unplugged and asleep, and I plug in the AC adapter when it's sleeping, it happens more often (not always). From a fresh boot, I can adjust my brightness, but at some point in using it I lose that option..... GRRRRR
anyways. wish me luck...