I am not someone that has experience with your situation, but a question.. Have you tried with larger SSDs, or do you know for sure the install will fit on a smaller drive?
Are you using different SSD manufacturers, or just one particular drive? Are there any firmware updates for the SSDs?
I will assume the original install went without problems. It was only after you ran the sysprep that things went wrong?
I am just reading about Sysprep, but there may be log files created, have you checked those?
If all the computers are the same, why generalize, or are you keeping the same drivers in the image? Have you tried the specialized option for testing?
The one system that had the BSOD might help find the problem with the others.