Knowing which update it is might help, since some updates cause problems and are known.
You might try doing a Search for Updates from the Windows Update panel. It may reset the database that is not showing the update installed.
If you have the option to uninstall the update, you might do that. Then hopefully it will install correctly.
Since you said you have troubleshooted, not sure exactly what that entails. But running the troubleshooter in the Control Panel for Updates as Admin might find a problem, or the link below.
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You might be able to search your registry for the Update KB number. You should find an entry in the registry like the one below. On the right of the window, you might check the...