I have seen some apps/utilities open just on the taskbar initially and then open full screen. I assume they are waiting on some process to complete. Since yours won't ever open all the way there might be something they are all seeing.
Since I don't know what is doing it but it seems to be happening on several apps, have you tried reinstalling or updating your Video drivers? Are you running any special settings for the desktop, such as dpi?
You may have a problem with one of your system files, you might try running SFC /scannow in an administrative command prompt.
And you could always try reinstalling an app for testing to see if it helps, although if it happens with many apps, it is probably something they have in common and...