For my situation, I booted into an 8.1 install after shutting down and changing the HDD connections . When I booted back into Windows 10, after changing the connections back to that hard drive, the adapter was working again.
Since I had rebooted the Windows 10 system, not a cold boot, possibly a cold boot would help. If it isn't that, the only other thing I could think of was the 8.1 install reset something on the system.
If you can't install any updates and you network connection is working, have the system check for updates. In many cases that will help.