Is the critical failure window representing KB971092?  If it is, you might look for a KB971092.log file in the Windows directory.
It seems your database is out of sync.   I assume you have the update installed, and if you do, it can be removed from the Programs and Features panel.  Perhaps removing it would get it back in sync.  I do not know what effect this might have on your system otherwise.  
If you wanted to download and install it yourself, go the the 
Microsoft Update Catalog and download it there.  You may have to allow something to load for the page to work, and use I.E.  Do a search for the KB and download from there.
The Update Readiness Tool leaves a log of the results.  Did it show any problems?
If you do a...