Yes there are lots of default security settings that can do that… the most likely is the router (or your computer) sees the wifi as being unsecured and is helpfully blocking part of it for you.
1. Test if the issue is coming from the router settings or your system… i.e. take the computer to a mates home and see if you get https pages to open when connecting to his wifi… my guess is yes.
2. Assumes 1 = yes… make and model of your router please.
3. Most good routers allow two types of accounts i.e. admin and guest… is your one assigning wifi connections to the guest account?